Stress and Beauty — A Few Studies
Handout for the lecture “Stress and Beauty” · 22 October 2026 · lecturer Ansis J. Stabingis
Here are the studies I refer to in the lecture, grouped by topic.
Some of these studies were done on mice or in cell cultures, some are small, and many show an association rather than a direct cause. This is noted next to the studies in question, so you can judge for yourself how much weight to give them.
1. Skin: barrier, moisture, signs of ageing
Key point: stress does not weaken the skin right away, but it slows its recovery. Long-term stress and poor sleep are linked to drier, less protected skin and more pronounced fine lines.
A stressful interview and lack of sleep slow skin recovery. In healthy women, the skin barrier recovered more slowly after a simulated job interview and after a sleepless night; physical exercise had no effect.
Altemus, M., Rao, B., Dhabhar, F. S., Ding, W., & Granstein, R. D. (2001). Stress-induced changes in skin barrier function in healthy women. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 117(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01373.x
Divorce stress and facial skin. In 28 women going through a divorce, barrier strength did not change, but in those who felt more stressed the skin recovered more slowly after damage.
Muizzuddin, N., Matsui, M. S., Marenus, K. D., & Maes, D. H. (2003). Impact of stress of marital dissolution on skin barrier recovery: Tape stripping and measurement of trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL). Skin Research and Technology, 9(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0846.2003.00354.x
Chronic stress and visible signs of ageing. 40 women with moderate chronic stress had lower antioxidant protection in the skin, a weaker barrier and more pronounced changes in texture and fine lines than women with mild stress. Small study; conducted by a cosmetics company.
Pujos, M., Chamayou-Robert, C., Parat, M., Bonnet, M., Couret, S., Robiolo, A., & Doucet, O. (2025). Impact of chronic moderate psychological stress on skin aging: Exploratory clinical study and cellular functioning. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 24(1), Article e16634. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.16634
Poor sleep and skin ageing. 60 women who had slept poorly for a long time had more fine lines, uneven pigmentation and less elasticity, and their skin recovered more slowly after damage. Correlational study; funded by a cosmetics company.
Oyetakin-White, P., Suggs, A., Koo, B., Matsui, M. S., Yarosh, D., Cooper, K. D., & Baron, E. D. (2015). Does poor sleep quality affect skin ageing? Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 40(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/ced.12455
Stress and collagen. A review of how stress, through the body’s stress response, affects the production and breakdown of collagen, and therefore the firmness and elasticity of the skin.
Kahan, V., Andersen, M. L., Tomimori, J., & Tufik, S. (2009). Stress, immunity and skin collagen integrity: Evidence from animal models and clinical conditions. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 23(8), 1089–1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.06.002
The skin amplifies stress signals on its own. Aged and sun-damaged skin produces more stress hormone locally, and this inhibits collagen production; in mice where this mechanism was switched off, the skin did not get thinner with age. Study on mice and cells.
Tiganescu, A., Tahrani, A. A., Morgan, S. A., Otranto, M., Desmoulière, A., Abrahams, L., Hassan-Smith, Z., Walker, E. A., Rabbitt, E. H., Cooper, M. S., Amrein, K., Lavery, G. G., & Stewart, P. M. (2013). 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase blockade prevents age-induced skin structure and function defects. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 123(7), 3051–3060. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI64162
Review: stress and the skin barrier. Stress reduces skin lipids and moisture and increases water loss through the skin.
Maarouf, M., Maarouf, C. L., Yosipovitch, G., & Shi, V. Y. (2019). The impact of stress on epidermal barrier function: An evidence-based review. British Journal of Dermatology, 181(6), 1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.17605
The skin as part of the stress system. The skin not only receives stress signals but also produces them itself, and it has its own local stress-response system.
Arck, P. C., Slominski, A., Theoharides, T. C., Peters, E. M. J., & Paus, R. (2006). Neuroimmunology of stress: Skin takes center stage. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 126(8), 1697–1704. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700104
2. Healing and recovery
Key point: stress slows down the skin’s “repair work”. This is confirmed by experiments and by a pooled analysis of studies, and even a single tense conversation can delay healing.
Long-term caregiving and wound healing. In women who had spent years caring for a relative with dementia, a small standard wound took about 9 days (24 %) longer to heal than in their peers.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Marucha, P. T., Malarkey, W. B., Mercado, A. M., & Glaser, R. (1995). Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. The Lancet, 346(8984), 1194–1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92899-5
An argument with a spouse and healing. Small wounds healed more slowly after an argument than after a supportive conversation, and couples who spoke to each other with hostility healed at only about 60 % of the rate of less hostile couples.
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Loving, T. J., Stowell, J. R., Malarkey, W. B., Lemeshow, S., Dickinson, S. L., & Glaser, R. (2005). Hostile marital interactions, proinflammatory cytokine production, and wound healing. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(12), 1377–1384. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1377
Pooled analysis (meta-analysis). 17 of 22 studies found that stress is associated with poorer wound healing; the overall association was moderately strong.
Walburn, J., Vedhara, K., Hankins, M., Rixon, L., & Weinman, J. (2009). Psychological stress and wound healing in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(3), 253–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.002
Review: stress and healing. Both long-term and short-term stress delay healing, and stress-reducing habits such as exercise and social support can lessen this effect.
Christian, L. M., Graham, J. E., Padgett, D. A., Glaser, R., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2006). Stress and wound healing. Neuroimmunomodulation, 13(5–6), 337–346. https://doi.org/10.1159/000104862
3. Acne
Key point: stress makes existing acne worse, and what matters most is how stressed a person feels, not just the event itself.
Exam stress and acne. In 22 students, acne was worse during exams than a month before them, and the more their self-reported stress rose, the more their acne worsened, even after accounting for changes in sleep and diet. Small study.
Chiu, A., Chon, S. Y., & Kimball, A. B. (2003). The response of skin disease to stress: Changes in the severity of acne vulgaris as affected by examination stress. Archives of Dermatology, 139(7), 897–900. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.139.7.897
4. Hair: greying and loss
Key point: under stress the body puts hair renewal on hold. Hair can fall out several months after a hard period, and greying can partly reverse when stress eases, but only up to a certain limit.
Why acute stress turns hair grey. In stressed mice, the nerves that reach the hair follicles became activated and used up the reserve of pigment stem cells, so the hair turned grey irreversibly. Study on mice.
Zhang, B., Ma, S., Rachmin, I., He, M., Baral, P., Choi, S., Gonçalves, W. A., Shwartz, Y., Fast, E. M., Su, Y., Zon, L. I., Regev, A., Buenrostro, J. D., Cunha, T. M., Chiu, I. M., Fisher, D. E., & Hsu, Y.-C. (2020). Hyperactivation of sympathetic nerves drives depletion of melanocyte stem cells. Nature, 577(7792), 676–681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1935-3
Why chronic stress holds back hair growth. In mice under prolonged stress, hair follicles stayed in the resting phase longer and did not grow new hair; when one signalling molecule was restored, the hair grew again. Study on mice.
Choi, S., Zhang, B., Ma, S., Gonzalez-Celeiro, M., Stein, D., Jin, X., Kim, S. T., Kang, Y.-L., Besnard, A., Rezza, A., Grisanti, L., Buenrostro, J. D., Rendl, M., Nahrendorf, M., Sahay, A., & Hsu, Y.-C. (2021). Corticosterone inhibits GAS6 to govern hair follicle stem-cell quiescence. Nature, 592(7854), 428–432. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03417-2
Greying and its reversal in humans. In the hair of 14 people, greying coincided with periods of stress, and sometimes the colour came back when stress eased, for instance in one man during a holiday. According to the authors’ model, this is possible only for hairs that are close to the greying threshold. Small study.
Rosenberg, A. M., Rausser, S., Ren, J., Mosharov, E. V., Sturm, G., Ogden, R. T., Patel, P., Soni, R. K., Lacefield, C., Tobin, D. J., Paus, R., & Picard, M. (2021). Quantitative mapping of human hair greying and reversal in relation to life stress. eLife, 10, Article e67437. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.67437
Hair loss after stress (telogen effluvium). After severe physical or emotional stress, many hairs enter the resting phase at the same time and shed all over the scalp, usually about 2–3 months later; it usually resolves on its own within a few months.
Asghar, F., Shamim, N., Farooque, U., Sheikh, H., & Aqeel, R. (2020). Telogen effluvium: A review of the literature. Cureus, 12(5), Article e8320. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8320
5. The face, sleep and perceived age
Key point: life shows in the face. People with identical genes can look different ages, lack of sleep makes a face less attractive, and long-standing positive emotions can be read in a face even when it is at rest.
Identical twins. In 186 pairs of identical twins, the twin who had divorced looked almost two years older; an older appearance was also linked to smoking, sun exposure and other life circumstances. Stress itself was not measured.
Guyuron, B., Rowe, D. J., Weinfeld, A. B., Eshraghi, Y., Fathi, A., & Iamphongsai, S. (2009). Factors contributing to the facial aging of identical twins. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 123(4), 1321–1331. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31819c4d42
“Beauty sleep”. After a sleepless night, raters judged the same people as less healthy, less attractive and more tired than after a normal night’s sleep.
Axelsson, J., Sundelin, T., Ingre, M., Van Someren, E. J. W., Olsson, A., & Lekander, M. (2010). Beauty sleep: Experimental study on the perceived health and attractiveness of sleep deprived people. BMJ, 341, Article c6614. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c6614
What changes in the face after lack of sleep. More drooping eyelids, swollen eyes, darker circles under the eyes, paler skin, more fine lines and drooping corners of the mouth; people also looked sadder.
Sundelin, T., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Van Someren, E. J. W., Olsson, A., & Axelsson, J. (2013). Cues of fatigue: Effects of sleep deprivation on facial appearance. Sleep, 36(9), 1355–1360. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2964
Lack of sleep and the wish to spend time together. After two nights of restricted sleep, people looked less attractive and healthy, and others were less willing to socialise with them.
Sundelin, T., Lekander, M., Sorjonen, K., & Axelsson, J. (2017). Negative effects of restricted sleep on facial appearance and social appeal. Royal Society Open Science, 4(5), Article 160918. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160918
Perceived age as a health marker. In 1,826 Danish twins over 70, how old they looked in photographs predicted survival; part of this link is also explained by shared genes.
Christensen, K., Thinggaard, M., McGue, M., Rexbye, H., Hjelmborg, J. v. B., Aviv, A., Gunn, D., van der Ouderaa, F., & Vaupel, J. W. (2009). Perceived age as clinically useful biomarker of ageing: Cohort study. BMJ, 339, Article b5262. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b5262
Good emotions stay in the face. In the calm, neutral faces of older women, raters read expressions that matched how much positive emotion these women themselves experienced in daily life.
Adams, R. B., Jr., Garrido, C. O., Albohn, D. N., Hess, U., & Kleck, R. E. (2016). What facial appearance reveals over time: When perceived expressions in neutral faces reveal stable emotion dispositions. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, Article 986. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00986
6. Cellular age: telomeres, stress and meditation
What are telomeres? Telomeres are protective “caps” at the ends of chromosomes, like the plastic tips on shoelaces. With each cell division they shorten a little, and when they become too short, the cell stops dividing. The body also has a “repair worker”, the enzyme telomerase, which can partly rebuild them. That is why telomere length is one of the markers of a cell’s biological age.
Key point: long-term and especially felt stress is linked to faster cellular ageing. Meditation seems to help telomerase work more actively, but whether it lengthens the telomeres themselves is not yet clear.
Stress and telomeres. Mothers who had spent years caring for a chronically ill child, and women with the highest perceived stress, had telomeres shorter by the equivalent of at least ten years of extra ageing. The link with perceived stress was also present in mothers of healthy children.
Epel, E. S., Blackburn, E. H., Lin, J., Dhabhar, F. S., Adler, N. E., Morrow, J. D., & Cawthon, R. M. (2004). Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(49), 17312–17315. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0407162101
A three-month meditation retreat. At the end of the retreat, participants’ telomerase activity was about a third higher than in the control group; the effect was linked to a growing sense of control and less neuroticism. Measured only at the end.
Jacobs, T. L., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Wolkowitz, O. M., Bridwell, D. A., Zanesco, A. P., Aichele, S. R., Sahdra, B. K., MacLean, K. A., King, B. G., Shaver, P. R., Rosenberg, E. L., Ferrer, E., Wallace, B. A., & Saron, C. D. (2011). Intensive meditation training, immune cell telomerase activity, and psychological mediators. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 36(5), 664–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.09.010
12 minutes a day. In dementia caregivers, after 8 weeks of a short daily meditation, telomerase activity improved by 43 %, compared with 3.7 % in the group that listened to relaxing music. Pilot study.
Lavretsky, H., Epel, E. S., Siddarth, P., Nazarian, N., St. Cyr, N., Khalsa, D. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E., & Irwin, M. R. (2013). A pilot study of yogic meditation for family dementia caregivers with depressive symptoms: Effects on mental health, cognition, and telomerase activity. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3790
Meta-analysis: meditation and telomerase. In four randomised studies, mindfulness meditation increased telomerase activity with a medium effect.
Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (2014). A meta-analytic review of the effects of mindfulness meditation on telomerase activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 45–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.12.017
Meta-analysis: meditation and telomere length. Meditators had longer telomeres, but the effect was small, and it was larger in those who had meditated for more hours.
Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., & Keng, S.-L. (2020). Meditation and telomere length: A meta-analysis. Psychology & Health, 35(8), 901–915. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2019.1707827
An 18-month study in older adults. Telomeres shortened in all groups, and the meditation group had no significant advantage over the other groups.
Kaliman, P., Álvarez-López, M. J., Lehodey, A., Fernández, D., Chocat, A., Schlosser, M., de La Sayette, V., Vivien, D., Marchant, N. L., Chételat, G., Lutz, A., Poisnel, G., & Medit-Ageing Research Group. (2025). Effect of an 18-month meditation training on telomeres in older adults: A secondary analysis of the Age-Well randomized controlled trial. Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science, 5(1), Article 100398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100398
7. Brain, energy, fertility
Key point: under stress the body switches into “survival mode”: thinking becomes more impulsive and energy is redistributed. The link with fertility is more complicated than is often claimed: stress can make conception harder, but it is not the only reason, and it does not affect the outcome of assisted reproduction.
Stress “switches off” the frontal lobes. Even mild stress that a person cannot control quickly impairs the part of the brain responsible for attention, planning and self-control, while strengthening older anxiety responses.
Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648
Energy allocation in the body. A theoretical paper arguing that the immune system is one of the body’s largest energy consumers, and that a prolonged alarm and inflammatory response takes energy away from other bodily functions.
Straub, R. H. (2011). Concepts of evolutionary medicine and energy regulation contribute to the etiology of systemic chronic inflammatory diseases. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 25(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.002
Stress and time to pregnancy. Among 401 women, those with the highest level of one stress marker in saliva had a 29 % lower chance of becoming pregnant in each cycle; no link was found with another stress marker.
Lynch, C. D., Sundaram, R., Maisog, J. M., Sweeney, A. M., & Buck Louis, G. M. (2014). Preconception stress increases the risk of infertility: Results from a couple-based prospective cohort study—the LIFE study. Human Reproduction, 29(5), 1067–1075. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu032
Stress and assisted reproduction (meta-analysis). In 14 studies with 3,583 women, anxiety or depression before treatment was not associated with whether a pregnancy occurred.
Boivin, J., Griffiths, E., & Venetis, C. A. (2011). Emotional distress in infertile women and failure of assisted reproductive technologies: Meta-analysis of prospective psychosocial studies. BMJ, 342, Article d223. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d223
8. Working with people: emotional load and perfectionism
Key point: beauty professionals often become their clients’ confidantes, and that carries an emotional cost. What drives burnout most is not high standards but the fear of making mistakes.
What clients tell their hairdresser. In interviews, Australian hairdressers said that clients share very heavy topics with them too, such as domestic violence and mental health difficulties, and the hairdressers felt responsible for it.
Page, S. M., Chur-Hansen, A., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2022). Hairdressers as a source of social support: A qualitative study on client disclosures from Australian hairdressers’ perspectives. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(5), 1735–1742. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13553
Emotional labour and burnout in the industry (review). A review of how emotional labour with clients in the hair and beauty industry is linked to burnout.
Page, S. M., Chur-Hansen, A., & Delfabbro, P. (2024). Emotional labour and burnout in the hair and beauty industry: A narrative review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, Article 101078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101078
Salon workers as informal counsellors. A report on several years of interviews and surveys with hundreds of salon workers and clients: this support helps clients a great deal, but for workers who are not trained for it, it comes at a high emotional cost.
University of Melbourne. (2026, May 4). Need for greater support for hairdressers, beauticians undertaking care work [News release]. https://www.unimelb.edu.au/newsroom/news/2026/may/need-for-greater-support-for-hairdressers,-beauticians-undertaking-care-work
Perfectionism and burnout (meta-analysis). In 43 studies with almost 10,000 people, high personal standards were barely linked to burnout, but fear and doubt about one’s own performance were linked to burnout moderately to strongly, especially at work.
Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315596286
9. Presence and compassion
Key point: feeling another person’s suffering along with them is exhausting, but compassion, when we are present and wish them well without taking on their emotions, is protective. And a mind that wanders away from what we are doing makes us less happy.
Empathy versus compassion. In women who trained to feel others’ suffering with them, negative emotions increased; the compassion training they learned afterwards reduced those emotions and increased positive ones. Small study.
Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(6), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst060
A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. A smartphone app asked 2,250 people at random moments what they were doing and what they were thinking about: almost half the time they were thinking about something else, and in those moments they were less happy.
Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Science, 330(6006), 932. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1192439
10. What helps (and what not so much)
Key point: a regular mindfulness practice can help the skin too, but not every pleasant experience heals automatically. Massage genuinely reduces anxiety and tension, but the figures quoted for stress hormones are often exaggerated.
Meditation during psoriasis treatment. Patients who listened to a guided mindfulness meditation during light therapy saw their skin clear considerably faster than those who received the therapy alone. Small randomised study.
Kabat-Zinn, J., Wheeler, E., Light, T., Skillings, A., Scharf, M. J., Cropley, T. G., Hosmer, D., & Bernhard, J. D. (1998). Influence of a mindfulness meditation-based stress reduction intervention on rates of skin clearing in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis undergoing photo therapy (UVB) and photochemotherapy (PUVA). Psychosomatic Medicine, 60(5), 625–632. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199809000-00020
Effects of massage (meta-analysis). Across 37 randomised studies, a single massage reduced anxiety, blood pressure and heart rate, but did not significantly change stress hormone levels.
Moyer, C. A., Rounds, J., & Hannum, J. W. (2004). A meta-analysis of massage therapy research. Psychological Bulletin, 130(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.3
Massage and stress hormones (review). A review, based mainly on studies from the authors’ own institute, reports a substantial drop in stress hormone after massage. This finding is disputed; see the meta-analysis above.
Field, T., Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Schanberg, S., & Kuhn, C. (2005). Cortisol decreases and serotonin and dopamine increase following massage therapy. International Journal of Neuroscience, 115(10), 1397–1413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207450590956459
A short pleasant moment does not heal automatically. In 120 participants, 30 minutes with a soft blanket, music or a robot seal did not improve skin barrier recovery compared with a control group.
Law, M., Jarrett, P., Nater, U. M., Skoluda, N., & Broadbent, E. (2020). The effects of environmental enrichment on skin barrier recovery in humans: A randomised trial. Scientific Reports, 10, Article 9829. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66687-2
11. Body image and self-acceptance
Key point: the wish to be beautiful is human, but media ideals turn it into dissatisfaction. Self-acceptance does not mean giving up self-care: women who appreciate their bodies and treat themselves kindly take better care of themselves.
Media and women’s body image (meta-analysis). In 77 studies with more than 15,000 participants, exposure to media beauty ideals was linked to greater dissatisfaction with one’s own body.
Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134(3), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
Body appreciation and health care. 256 young women who appreciated their bodies more were more likely to use sun protection and check their skin, and less likely to engage in weight loss. Correlational study.
Andrew, R., Tiggemann, M., & Clark, L. (2016). Positive body image and young women’s health: Implications for sun protection, cancer screening, weight loss and alcohol consumption behaviours. Journal of Health Psychology, 21(1), 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314520814
Self-compassion and healthy habits. In 15 samples with more than 3,000 people, self-compassion was linked to a healthier diet, exercise, sleep and stress management. Correlational; small effect.
Sirois, F. M., Kitner, R., & Hirsch, J. K. (2015). Self-compassion, affect, and health-promoting behaviors. Health Psychology, 34(6), 661–669. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000158
Self-compassion and sticking to treatment. In five groups of people with chronic illness, those who treated themselves more kindly followed their treatment better, partly because they felt less stressed.
Sirois, F. M., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Self-compassion and adherence in five medical samples: The role of stress. Mindfulness, 10(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0945-9
Even infants look at “beautiful” faces. Babies as young as 2–3 months looked longer at faces that adults had rated as more attractive; this suggests that the wish for beauty is not merely learned from culture.
Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A., Casey, R. J., Ritter, J. M., Rieser-Danner, L. A., & Jenkins, V. Y. (1987). Infant preferences for attractive faces: Rudiments of a stereotype? Developmental Psychology, 23(3), 363–369. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.363
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